TOWARDS A CONCEPTUALISATION OF ‘ALTERNATIVE’ POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

Abstract

This paper conceptualises ‘alternative’ political participation. The lack of definition for ‘alternative’ political participation overlooks various political actions that do not fit the conventional-unconventional distinction. The present study offers a definition of ‘alternative’ political participation and the challenges facing civil societies in the digital era. The definition is based on Sairambay’s (2020) reconceptualisation of political participation, taking into account the role of civic engagement. Various examples, arguments, and sources for ‘alternative’ political participation are discussed. Responding to Marcin Kaim’s call, this paper further elaborates the topic of ‘alternative’ political participation.